fix: implement retry logic for ComponentInformation to handle transient errors

[alexlovelltroy]

Description

This pull request introduces improved resiliency and reliability to SMD client interactions, particularly during high-load scenarios such as boot storms. The main enhancements include adding retry logic with exponential backoff for component information lookups, updating the SMD client interface, and tuning HTTP client configuration for better performance.

Resiliency Improvements:

• Added a new ComponentInformationWithRetry method to SMDClient that wraps ComponentInformation with exponential backoff retry logic for transient network errors and timeouts, improving reliability during SMD overloads.
• Implemented the isRetryableError helper function to determine which errors should trigger a retry, covering timeouts, network errors, and common HTTP error codes like 429 and 503.
• Updated the MetaDataHandler in metadata_handlers.go to use ComponentInformationWithRetry with up to 3 attempts instead of a single call to ComponentInformation.

Interface and Testing Updates:

• Extended the SMDClientInterface to include the new ComponentInformationWithRetry method, ensuring all clients (including fakes) conform to the updated contract.
• Provided a stub implementation of ComponentInformationWithRetry in FakeSMDClient for testing.

HTTP Client Configuration:

• Increased the default HTTP client timeout from 2 seconds to 10 seconds to better accommodate slow SMD responses.
• Changed DisableKeepAlives from true to false to allow HTTP keep-alive connections, improving efficiency under load.

Type of Change

• Bug fix
• New feature
• Breaking change
• Documentation update

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